Publications

Cauley MR, Berry AE, Porta CM, Apple RK, Kripalani S, Linzer M, O'Brien EC, Rothman RL, Roumie CL. Learning Health System study designs for the evaluation of workforce interventions to cultivate eudaimonia (flourishing). Learning Health Systems. 2025;n/a(n/a):e70022. doi:10.1002/lrh2.70022

Goelz E, Linzer M, Britton E, Stange KC, Gonzalez M, Etz R. The Pulse of Primary Care. J Gen Intern Med. 2025 May 6;. doi: 10.1007/s11606-025-09561-z. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 40329030.

Sullivan EE, Martin CL, Linzer M, Balius PN, Demmer RT, Fulkerson JA. Healthcare worker burnout: rethinking the maslach burnout inventory. Psychol Health Med. 2025 Apr 6;:1-10. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2025.2487949. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 40189735.

Linzer M, O'Brien EC, Sullivan E, Rathert C, Simmons DR, Johnson DH, McKinney WT, Mallick S, Porta CM, Poplau S, Wambua M, Bosquet A, Farley H, Montori VM, Goelz E. Burnout in modern-day health care: Where are we, and how can we markedly reduce it? A meta-narrative review from the EUREKA* project. Health Care Manage Rev. 2025 Apr-Jun 01;50(2):57-66. doi: 10.1097/HMR.0000000000000433. Epub 2025 Feb 3. Review. PubMed PMID: 39894947; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC11902612.

Linzer M. Fighting to Eliminate Burnout: A 3-Decade Journey and the Path Forward. Med Care. 2025 Mar 1;63(3):183-184. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000002120. Epub 2025 Jan 7. PubMed PMID: 39947691.

Linzer M, Johnson D, Stillman M, Goelz E. Potential Implications of the Large Number of Respondents Who Prefer Not to Identify Gender or Race on Burnout Surveys. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2025;36(1):335-343. doi: 10.1353/hpu.2025.a951600. PubMed PMID: 39957653.

Jordan JE, Garner K, Bones K, McKenzie L, Linzer M, Rathert C, Goelz E, McCall J, Sawyer E, Baass B, Herco F. Improving joy at work and reducing burnout in health care workers in Victoria, Australia using the Institute for Healthcare Improvement joy in work framework: A mixed-methods study. Health Care Manage Rev. 2025 Jan-Mar 01;50(1):3-12. doi: 10.1097/HMR.0000000000000420. Epub 2024 Oct 28. PubMed PMID: 39462800.

Sullivan EE, Stephenson AL, DePuccio MJ, Anderson B, Auxier B, Henderson J, Linzer M. Workplace factors related to health care leader well-being in rural settings. J Rural Health. 2025 Jan;41(1):e12863. doi: 10.1111/jrh.12863. Epub 2024 Jul 2. PubMed PMID: 38956817.

Nguyen Howell A, Ruffing J, Ameli O, et al. Teamwork Enhances Patient Experience: Linking TEAM and Net Promoter Scores. 2024;30. Accessed October 14, 2024. https://www.ajmc.com/view/teamwork-enhances-patient-experience-linking-team-and-net-promoter-scores

Stermer B. Embracing the Inevitable: Succession Planning for Rural Healthcare Organizations. The Rural Monitor. September 11, 2024. https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/rural-monitor/succession-planning

Young ER, Vatkin G, Kur J, Sullivan EE. Team-based care in specialist practice: a path to improved physician experience in British Columbia. BMC Health Serv Res. 2024;24(1):1000. doi:10.1186/s12913-024-11482-2

Linzer M, Mallick S, Shah P, et al. Resident worklife and wellness through the late phase of the pandemic: a mixed methods national survey study. BMC Med Educ. 2024;24(1):484. doi:10.1186/s12909-024-05480-5

Stillman M, Sullivan EE, Prasad K, et al. Understanding what leaders can do to facilitate healthcare workers’ feeling valued: improving our knowledge of the strongest burnout mitigator. BMJ Leader. Published online April 22, 2024:leader. doi:10.1136/leader-2023-000921

Becker, A., Sullivan, E. E., Leykum, L. K., Brown, R., Linzer, M., Poplau, S., & Sinsky, C. (2023). Burnout Among Hospitalists During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic: a National Mixed Methods Survey Study. JGIM, 10.1007/s11606-023-08309-x. doi:10.1007/s11606023-08309-x

Nguyen Howell A, Linzer M, Seidel Z, Flood A, Moss M, Stillman M, Poole K, Ameli O,
Chaisson CE, Poplau S. Teamwork Measure Relates to Provider Experience, Burnout, and
Intent to Stay. Am J Managed Care. 2023;29. https://www.ajmc.com/view/teamwork-measure-relates-to-provider-experience-burnout-and-intent-to-stay

Apple R, O'Brien EC, Daraiseh NM, et al. Gender and intention to leave healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic among U.S. healthcare workers: A cross sectional analysis of the HERO registry. PLoS One. 2023;18(6):e0287428.nPublished 2023 Jun 16. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287428

Rotenstein, L.S., Brown, R., Sinsky, C. et al. The Association of Work Overload with Burnout and Intent to Leave the Job Across the Healthcare Workforce During COVID-19. J Gen Intern Med 38, 1920–1927 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-023-08153-z

Sullivan, Erin E., Khazen, Maram, Arabadjis, Sophia D., Mirica, Maria, Ramos, Jason M., Olson, Andrew P.J., Linzer, Mark and Schiff, Gordon D.. Exploring relationships between physician stress, burnout, and diagnostic elements in clinician notes. Diagnosis, vol. 10, no. 3, 2023, pp. 309-312. https://doi.org/10.1515/dx-2022-0118

Sullivan EE, McKinstry D, Adamson J, Hunt L, Phillips RS, Linzer M. Burnout Among Missouri Primary Care Clinicians in 2021: Roadmap for Recovery? Mo Med. 2022 Jul-Aug;119(4):397-400. PMID: 36118800; PMCID: PMC9462904.

Linzer M, Shah P, Nankivil N, Cappelucci K, Poplau S, Sinsky C. The Mini Z Resident (Mini ReZ): Psychometric Assessment of a Brief Burnout Reduction Measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2023 Feb;38(2):545-548. doi: 10.1007/s11606-022-07720-0. Epub 2022 Jul 26. Erratum in: J Gen Intern Med. 2022 Nov 16. doi: 10.1007/s11606-022-07934-2. PMID: 35882711; PMCID: PMC9905519.

Linzer M, Jin JO, Shah P, et al. Trends in Clinician Burnout With Associated Mitigating and Aggravating Factors During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Health Forum. 2022;3(11):e224163. doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2022.4163

Poplau S, Linzer M, Allwood D, et al. Designing the careful and kind clinic: an evidence-based approach. BMJ Leader 2022;6:87-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/leader-2021-000538

Khullar, Dhruv; Prasad, Kriti; Neprash, Hannah; Poplau, Sara; Brown, Roger L.; Williams, Eric S.; Audi, Crystal; Linzer, Mark. Factors associated with patient trust in their clinicians, Health Care Management Review: February 14, 2022 - Volume - Issue - doi: 10.1097/HMR.0000000000000336

LeClaire, Michele MD; Poplau, Sara BA; Linzer, Mark MD; Brown, Roger PhD; Sinsky, Christine MD. Compromised Integrity, Burnout, and Intent to Leave the Job in Critical Care Nurses and Physicians, Critical Care Explorations: February 2022 - Volume 4 - Issue 2 - p e0629 doi: 10.1097/CCE.0000000000000629

Linzer, M., McLoughlin, C., Poplau, S. et al. The Mini Z Worklife and Burnout Reduction Instrument: Psychometrics and Clinical Implications. J Gen Intern Med. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-07278-3

Sinsky CA, Brown RL, Stillman MJ, Linzer M. COVID-Related Stress and Work Intentions in a Sample of US Health Care Workers. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2021 Dec;5(6):1165-1173. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2021.08.007. Epub 2021 Dec 8. PMID: 34901752; PMCID: PMC8651505. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2021.08.007

Linzer, Mark, and Poplau, Sara. Eliminating Burnout and Moral Injury: Bolder Steps Required. EClinicalMedicine, Elsevier, 19 Aug. 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101090.

Quirk R, Rodin H, Linzer M. Targeting Causes of Burnout in Residency: An Innovative Approach Used at Hennepin Healthcare. Acad Med. 2021 May 1;96(5):690-694. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000003940. PMID: 33496434.

Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, Poplau S, Goelz E, Taylor S, Nankivil N, Brown R, Linzer M, Cappelucci K, Barbouche M, Sinsky C. Prevalence and Correlates of Stress and Burnout Among U.S. Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 pandemic: A National Cross-sectional Survey Study. EClinicalMedicine,2021; 35(May): 100879.

Institute for Healthcare Improvement. “Tips for Measuring Joy in Work.” www.ihi.org, 2021 April 27, http://www.ihi.org/communities/blogs/tips-for-measuring-joy-in-work.

Institute for Healthcare Improvement. “How to Create Space for Joy in Work Amid Crisis and Change.” www.ihi.org, 2021 March 30, www.ihi.org/communities/blogs/how-to-create-space-for-joy-in-work-amid-crisis-and-change.

Linzer M, Stillman M, Brown R, Taylor S, Nankivil N, Poplau S, Goelz E, Sinsky C; American Medical Association–Hennepin Healthcare System Coping With COVID Investigators. Preliminary Report: US Physician Stress During the Early Days of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2021 Feb 2;5(1):127-136. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2021.01.005.

Koranne R, Williams ES, Poplau S, Banks KM, Sonneborn M, Britt HR, Linzer M. Reducing burnout and enhancing work engagement among clinicians: The Minnesota experience. Health Care Manage Rev. 2020 Dec 8. doi: 10.1097/HMR.0000000000000298. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33298803.

Linzer M, Smith CD, Hingle S, et al. Evaluation of Work Satisfaction, Stress, and Burnout Among US Internal Medicine Physicians and Trainees. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(10):e2018758. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.18758

Audi C, Poplau S, Freese R, et al. Negative Experiences Due to Gender and/or Race: a Component of Burnout in Women Providers Within a Safety-Net Hospital. J Gen Intern Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-06144-y

Goelz E, Audi C, Poplau S, Freese R, Linzer M, Stillman M. The Beter Tool: A Mentorship Intervention for Addressing Burnout in Medicine Department Physicians. Physician Leadership Journal. 2020;7(2):36-44. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=keh&AN=146824871&site=eds-live

Prasad K, Poplau S, Brown R, et al. Time Pressure During Primary Care Office Visits: a Prospective Evaluation of Data from the Healthy Work Place Study. J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35:465–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-05343-6

LeClaire M., Poplau S, Prasad K, Audi C, Freese R, Linzer, M. Low ICU Burnout in a Safety Net Hospital. Critical Care Explorations: May 23, 2019 - Volume 1 - Issue 5 - p e0014. doi: 10.1097/CCE.0000000000000014

Kroth PJ, Morioka-Douglas N, Veres S, Babbott S, Poplau S, Qeadan F, Parshall C, Corrigan K, Linzer M. Association of Electronic Health Record Design and Use Factors with Clinician Stress and Burnout. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(8):e199609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.9609

Linzer M, Poplau S, Prasad K, et al. Characteristics of Health Care Organizations Associated With Clinician Trust: Results From the Healthy Work Place Study. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(6):e196201. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6201

Olson K, Sinsky C, Rinne ST, Long T, Vender R, Mukherjee1 S, Bennick M, Linzer M. Cross‐sectional Survey of Workplace Stressors Associated with Physician Burnout Measured by the Mini‐Z and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Stress Health. 2019 Apr;35(2):157-175. doi: 10.1002/smi.2849. Epub 2019 Jan 21.

Kroth PJ, Morioka-Douglas N, Veres S, Pollock K, Babbott S, Poplau S, Corrigan K, Linzer M. The electronic elephant in the room: Clinicians and the electronic health record. JAMIA Open. 2018 Jul; 1(1):49-56. doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooy016

Linzer M, Sinsky C, Poplau S, Brown R, Williams ES. Joy in Medical Practice: Clinician Satisfaction in the Healthy Workplaces Trial. Health Aff. 2017; 36(10):1808-1814. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0790

Linzer M, Poplau S. Building a Sustainable Primary Care Workforce: Where Do We Go from Here? J Am Board Fam Med. 2017;30(2):127-129. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2017.02.170014

Linzer M, Poplau S, Brown R, et al. Do Work Condition Interventions Affect Quality and Errors in Primary Care? Results from the Healthy Work Place Study. J Gen Intern Med. 2017;32(1):56-61. doi:10.1007/s11606-016-3856-2

Varkey AB, Manwell LB, Brown RL, et al. Impact of Work Conditions and Minority Patient Populations on Quality and Errors. Health Serv Res Manag Epidemiol. 2016;3. doi:10.1177/2333392815625997

Linzer M, Poplau S, Babbott S, et al. Worklife and Wellness in Academic General Internal Medicine: Results from a National Survey. J Gen Intern Med. 2016;31(9):1004-1010. doi:10.1007/s11606-016-3720-4

Linzer M, Poplau S, Grossman E, et al. A Cluster Randomized Trial of Interventions to Improve Work Conditions and Clinician Burnout in Primary Care: Results from the Healthy Work Place (HWP) Study. J Gen Intern Med. 2015;30(8):1105-1111. doi:10.1007/s11606-015-3235-4

Babbott S, Manwell LB, Brown R, et al. Electronic Medical Records and Physician Stress in Primary Care: Results from the MEMO Study. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2014;21(e1):e100-e106. doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2013-001875

Linzer M, Manwell LB, Williams ES, et al. Working Conditions in Primary Care: Physician Reactions and Care Quality. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(1):28-36, W6-9. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-1-200907070-00006

Varkey AB, Manwell LB, Williams ES, et al. Separate and Unequal: Clinics Where Minority and Nonminority Patients Receive Primary Care. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(3):243-250. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.559

PUBLICATIONS

The Institute for Professional Worklife